Kidney Stones

Humans have been affected by kidney stones since millennia, in fact, bladder and kidney stones have even been found in Egyptian mummies. Acute renal colic due to stones in the urinary tract is one of the most excruciating pains a person can endure.

Dialysis Overview

Our kidneys regulate body levels of water and minerals, and remove waste products. The kidneys also produce hormones like erythropoietin and 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol).

Hemodialysis is the process of artificially eliminating waste products and excess  water  from the blood

Proteinuria

Presence of protein in the urine is defined as proteinuria. Normally less than 150 mg of protein appears in urine per day

Massive proteinuria (>3.5 gm/day) is defined as nephrotic syndrome

Hematuria

Presence of blood in urine is technically known as Hematuria.

Renal replacement therapies

Once the stage of End Stage Kidney Disease is reached the treatment options are broadly classified as Renal Replacement Therapies. They include dialysis (hemodialysis/ peritoneal dialysis) and kidney transplantation.

Introduction to nephrotic syndrome

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcCtfHQNMY4

Nocturnal hemodialysis

Nocturnal hemodialysis (NDHD) or night hemodialysis is done at home or in-centre at night. 

This is done with an aim to provide higher dose of dialysis. Nocturnal dialysis is therefore scheduled for 3-5 times a week, each session lasting for 6-8hrs.